Probing the cold nature of dark matter

Abstract

A pressureless dark matter component fits well with several cosmological observations. However, there are indications that cold dark matter may encounter challenges in explaining observations at small scales, particularly at galactic scales. Observational data suggest that dark matter models incorporating a pressure component could provide solutions to these small-scale problems. In this work, we investigate the possibility that present-day dark matter may result from a decaying noncold dark matter sector transitioning into the dark energy sector. As the sensitivity of astronomical surveys rapidly increases, we explore an interacting scenario between dark energy and noncold dark matter, where dark energy has a constant equation of state (${w}_{\mathrm{de}}$), and dark matter, being noncold, also has a constant (non-zero) equation of state (${w}_{\mathrm{dm}}$). Considering the phantom and quintessence nature of dark energy, characterized by its equation of state, we separately analyze interacting phantom and interacting quintessence scenarios. We constrain these scenarios using cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements and their combination with external probes, such as DESI-BAO and PantheonPlus. From our analyses, we find that a very mild preference for noncold dark matter cannot be excluded based on the employed datasets. Additionally, for some datasets, there is a pronounced preference for the presence of an interaction at more than 95% confidence level (CL). Moreover, when the dark energy equation of state lies in the phantom regime, the ${S}_{8}$ tension can be alleviated. This study suggests that cosmological models incorporating a noncold dark matter component should be considered as viable scenarios with novel phenomenological implications, as reflected in the present work.