Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and associated factors among university students in Egypt: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that persists in adulthood, affecting academic performance and daily functioning. Despite its significance, limited research has explored the prevalence of ADHD-like symptoms among university students in Egypt. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of ADHD Symptoms among Egyptian university students and identify associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire among students aged ≥ 18 years or older from various Egyptian universities. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was used to assess ADHD symptoms. A non-probability convenience sampling technique was applied, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine associated risks of ADHD positivity. A total of 3,136 responses were collected, with 2,383 valid responses included in the final analysis. The estimated prevalence of ADHD SYMPTOMS was 37.9% (95% CI: 36.0%-39.9%), obesity (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.14-3.95, p = 0.019), smoking (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.25-3.01, p = 0.003), sleep disorders (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.77-2.55, p < 0.001), childhood trauma (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.18-1.71, p < 0.001), and history of mental health conditions (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.34-2.18, p < 0.001). Regular exercise was associated with lower odds of ADHD (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.44-0.70, p < 0.001). Prevalence of ADHD-like symptoms among Egyptian university students is notably high, with multiple lifestyle and psychosocial factors showing significant associations with its occurrence. These findings highlight the need for increased awareness, early screening, and targeted interventions to support affected students. Future research should further investigate the cultural and educational influences on ADHD in Egypt.