Prevalence and risk factors for Schistosoma haematobium infestation in WASH-based communities of Ogun Central, Nigeria

Abstract

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) remain a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, where inadequate sanitation and unsafe water contribute to ongoing transmission. This study examined the prevalence and associated risk factors of Schistosoma haematobium among school-aged children in 20 WASH-focused communities across four Local Government Areas in Ogun Central, Nigeria, between March 2021 and March 2023. Urine and stool samples were collected from 1019 pupils and analyzed using standard parasitological techniques, while structured questionnaires captured demographic information, WASH indicators, and attitudes toward anthelmintic treatment. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 2%. Significant associations were observed between infection and water sources (p < 0.05), toilet facilities (p = 0.045), and hematuria (p < 0.001). Age was also identified as a significant demographic factor influencing infection. These findings highlight the persistent vulnerability of children in WASH-dependent communities to urinary schistosomiasis and emphasize the need for integrated control strategies that combine improved sanitation, safe water supply, health education, and regular mass drug administration.