Preparedness of Emergency Healthcare Staff for Mass Casualty Incidents in Conflict Zones: A Case Study from Shendi, Sudan

Abstract

Introduction: Mass casualty incidents (MCIs) are expected in war zones, making the readiness of healthcare teams and facilities crucial for shaping outcomes. This study investigates the preparedness of emergency staff in Shendi, Sudan, to respond to MCIs amidst ongoing conflict. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 77 healthcare professionals at a teaching hospital in a borderline conflict zone, including nurses, house officers, medical officers, and registrars. The survey assessed factors such as demographic characteristics, training and preparedness, perceived preparedness, psychological preparedness, communication efficiency, inter-team coordination, and suggestions for improvement. Data were analyzed using SPSS to identify correlations in MCI preparedness. Results: The mean age of the participants was 27 years (± 5.8), and the majority were female (80.5%). Nurses comprised the largest group (46.8%), and most participants had less than three years of experience (87.1%). Only 36 participants (46.8%) had formal MCI training, and 58.4% of all participants deemed the training inadequate. Confidence varied significantly between roles, with nurses and registrars feeling more prepared than house officers (p = 0.001). Equipment preparedness was low, with only 13% of participants feeling adequately equipped. Although 57.1% were aware of MCI protocols, only 40.3% found them effective. Key challenges included inadequate training resources, poor coordination, and high patient volume. Psychological preparedness was lacking in 66.2% of respondents. Communication was more effective during MCIs (66.2%) than during regular operations (39%). Participation in training was associated with higher confidence (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study revealed significant deficiencies in training and preparedness for mass casualty incidents. Addressing gaps in training, resource allocation, and equipment readiness is essential for improving emergency response capabilities and enhancing patient outcomes in conflict zones.