Preparation of new modified CuFe₂O₄ nanoparticles by benzalkonium chloride as enhancer of natural gas hydrate formation

Abstract

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) based storage represents a safe and energy-efficient alternative to conventional natural gas transportation technologies; however, its widespread application remains constrained by slow hydrate formation kinetics and limited gas storage efficiency. Overcoming these limitations is essential for enabling hydrate-based gas storage as a practical industrial solution. In this context, the present study investigates the synergistic effect of benzalkonium chloride (Bzc) modified CuFe2O4 nanoparticles as an advanced kinetic promoter for NGH formation. Unmodified CuFe2O4 (NFCu), physically blended CuFe2O4/Bzc (NFCu-Phy.), and chemically modified CuFe2O4 Bzc (NFCu-Ch.) were systematically evaluated at 274.15 K and 6.5 MPa. The results demonstrate a substantial enhancement in hydrate formation kinetics and gas storage capacity with Bzc incorporation, particularly through chemical modification. NFCu exhibited an induction time of 12 min, while NFCu-Phy. and NFCu-Ch. reduced induction times to 6 and 5 min, respectively, at ultra-low Bzc dosages. NFCu-Ch. achieved a 58.33% reduction in induction time, indicating superior nucleation efficiency. Gas storage capacity increased markedly from 0.12 to 0.35 mol/mol water, corresponding to a 191.67% improvement. These enhancements are attributed to improved surface activity, favorable HOMOLUMO characteristics, and increased surface area and pore size. Overall, this study provides a low-dosage, high-efficiency strategy to overcome key kinetic and capacity barriers, supporting the practical advancement of NGH-based natural gas storage and transportation systems.