Preliminary study of perceived cardiovascular disease risk and risk status of adults in small rural and urban locations in Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract

The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been on the rise in developing countries like Nigeria recently. Studies on perceived CVD risk and the risk status of adults in Ibadan are not readily available, hence this study. A mixed-method design involving a cross-sectional survey and an exploratory qualitative study was utilized. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 418 participants (209 from rural and 209 from urban) for the cross-sectional survey, while purposive sampling was used to recruit 14 participants for the qualitative aspect. The INTERHEART risk score and the Perception of Risk of Heart Disease Scale were used to investigate participants' CVD risk status and perceived risk, respectively. The data from the cross-sectional survey were summarized by using descriptive statistics, and the data were then analyzed by using the chi-square test of association and a multiple logistic regression model, while content thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. In the rural and urban areas, respectively, 39.7% and 52.2% had a positive perception of CVD risk. In the rural and urban areas, 44% and 41.6% of individuals respectively had moderate-to-high risk of CVD. Participants with at least secondary school education [2.66 (0.61-11.53)] and participants in the urban area [2.62 (0.78-7.08)] had twice higher odds of positive CVD risk perception. Males [3.91 (1.58-9.68)], adults aged 40 and above [1.59 (0.63-4.00)] and urban dwellers [1.21 (0.33-4.39)] had higher odds of a high CVD risk status. The qualitative aspect of the study corroborated the findings from the survey, as many participants did not perceive themselves as being at risk of CVD. The majority of the participants in this study were found to have a moderate-to-high risk of CVD, and many had a negative perception of their risk. Health education and CVD prevention programs are required to curb the burden of CVD.