Polyfunctionality of CD4+ T lymphocytes in buffaloes and cattle: comparative antigen-specific cytokine responses in bovine tuberculosis infection

Abstract

The findings indicate that buffaloes and cattle share broadly similar antigen-specific cytokine responses, although subtle differences in CD4⁺ T cell subsets exist. The study highlights the value of multicolor flow cytometry as a high-resolution tool for dissecting immune responses in veterinary immunology. These insights enhance understanding of buffalo immune mechanisms against BTB and may contribute to improved disease control strategies.