book chapter
Rising rates of bacterial and viral infections alongside growing antimicrobial resistance have driven the demand for selective, bioavailable, and low toxicity therapeutic compounds. Plant secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic derivatives, represent an abundant source of bioactive molecules suited for addressing these clinical challenges. Extracting, isolating, and identifying active phenolics from complex botanical mixtures presents technical hurdles, leading to the adoption of techniques such as pulsed ultrafiltration mass spectrometry for plant extract screening. In parallel, computational and bioinformatics tools assist drug discovery by offering a rational basis for structural selection and clarifying molecular interactions. This review examines phenolic compound classifications, their contributions to human health, methods for extraction and purification, and their specific antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities, including synergistic effects and bioinformatics methodologies applied to antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.
Conventional treatments are increasingly failing against drug-resistant bacteria and viruses. By understanding how to effectively extract, identify, and model bioactive compounds from plants, scientists can uncover alternative treatments. Combining analytical chemistry techniques with computational methods helps streamline the identification of therapeutic candidates that are less prone to pathogen resistance and safer for human health.
This work informs early-stage pharmaceutical discovery and natural product development. The outlined isolation techniques, such as pulsed ultrafiltration mass spectrometry, and computational screening approaches could be utilised by pharmaceutical firms and biotechs seeking new antimicrobial leads. However, as a conceptual and methodological review covering extraction through computational analysis, these concepts remain at an early, pre-clinical research stage.
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There is a critical need to discover and create novel chemicals to battle human diseases due to the rising occurrence of life-threatening bacterial and viral illnesses and their propensity to develop resistance to existing treatment methods. These compounds need to be highly bioavailable, selective, and minimally hazardous. Typically, chemicals most suited for this job come from sources that are found in plants. The bioactive phenolics found in plants are abundant and useful resources. One of the most significant elements discovered in plant secondary metabolites are phenolic derivatives. Because of their utility in the pharmaceutical sector, there is a growing interest in studying various techniques for extracting, isolating, and purifying these chemicals from plants. By giving a logical foundation for the choice of chemical structure, computational and bioinformatics tools have sped up the discovery and design of antimicrobial drugs. Additional studies on the investigations of phytochemical compounds and molecular interactions are required for proper explanation of their antimicrobial activities. The identification of phenolic compounds in complex mixtures reveal biological effects, which can be difficult to carry out. In order to overcome this limitation, pulsed ultrafiltration mass spectrometer was employed for medicinal plant extract screening. This chapter therefore discusses phenolic compounds and their classifications, roles of phenolic compounds in human health, phenolic compound extraction, isolation and purification methods, plant phenolic compounds with antibacterial activity, synergistic antibacterial activity, phenolic compounds with antiviral and antifungal activities, bioinformatics approaches of molecular mechanisms in antimicrobial resistance, and future prospectives and limitations.
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DOI: 10.1201/9781003354437-8
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