Pig farming: A neglected pathway for antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major global health threat, heightened by extensive and often indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock production. In Nigeria, pig farming constitutes a significant yet underexamined pathway for the emergence and spread of AMR. This review aimed to examine the role of pig farming in the development and spread of AMR, evaluate the associated public health and economic risks, and propose evidence-based strategies to curb its spread. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online (AJOL) for studies published between January 2000 to May 2025 and in English language. Relevant publications were screened, and data were extracted on antimicrobial use patterns, resistance prevalence, and associated risk factors. Studies were synthesized narratively and comparatively to identify key trends and policy gaps. The routine administration of antibiotics for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes, coupled with insufficient veterinary oversight, inadequate biosecurity measures, and limited regulatory enforcement, has facilitated the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) , and Enterococcus spp. The persistence of antibiotic residues in pork products further increases public health risks by increasing the incidence of treatment failures and prolonging infections in humans. Beyond the health implications, AMR in pig farming has profound economic consequences, including reduced livestock productivity, increased production costs, and potential trade restrictions. Addressing this multifaceted challenge requires stringent antibiotic regulations, enhanced veterinary regulation, improved farm hygiene, and targeted farmer education on antimicrobial stewardship. A comprehensive One Health approach integrating veterinary, environment, and public health professionals is imperative to reduce the impact of AMR locally and globally.