Phytochemical characterization and nutritional value of vegetable oils from ripe berries of Schinus terebinthifolia raddi and Schinus molle L., through extraction methods

Abstract

The aims of this study are the phytochemical exploration and food valorization of <i>Schinus molle</i> L. (<i>S. molle</i>) and <i>Schinus terebinthifolia</i> Raddi (<i>S. terebinthifolia</i>) from the Rabat, Morocco. Gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the oils extracted from both species by soxhlet and maceration. Moreover, physicochemical characteristics such as lipid quality indexes such as thrombogenic index (TI), atherogenic index (AI), oxidation susceptibility (OS), and calculated oxidability (Cox) were determined. These characteristics included percentage acidity, peroxide, saponification, iodine, specific extinction values, chlorophyll, and carotenoid pigments. As results, the oil yields varied from 7% (<i>S. molle</i>) to 13% (<i>S. terebinthifolia</i>). In addition, unsaturated fatty acids represented the major fraction for <i>S. terebinthifolia</i> (79%) and <i>S. molle</i> (81%). However, <i>S. terebinthifolia</i> contains more saturated fatty acids (20%) than <i>S. molle</i> (16%) with a predominance of linoleic acid (59.53% and 55%, C18,2), oleic acid (19.29% and 21.69%, C18,1), and palmitic acid (12.56% and 15.48%, C16,0) in <i>S. molle</i> and <i>S. terebinthifolia</i>, respectively. Moreover, the main sterols are <i>β</i>-sitosterol followed by campesterol and then <i>Δ</i>-5-avenasterol, while <i>β</i>-sitosterol varies according to the species and the extraction method. Results revealed also that campesterol is influenced by the extraction results in a content of 179.66 mg/kg (soxhlet) and 63.48 mg/kg (maceration) for <i>S. molle</i>, while <i>S. terebinthifolia</i> yeilds concentrations of 170 mg/kg and 138 mg/kg, then <i>Δ</i>-5-avenasterol, which present with (117 mg/kg and 136 mg/kg), (34 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg) of the total amount of sterols for the oils extracted by soxhlet and maceration, respectively. In addition, there are favorable physicochemical properties for all oils, such as chlorophylls (0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg) and carotenoids (0.7 to 2 mg/kg). However, further investigations are needed to determine other chemical compounds of both extracts as well as to evaluate their biological and health benefits.