Physical Activity Levels and Associated Factors among Upper Primary School Children in Lusaka, Zambia: Implications for Health Interventions

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are significant risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) during childhood is crucial for preventing long-term health burdens. This study examined PA levels and associated factors among upper primary school children in Lusaka, Zambia. Methodology A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to October 2022 among 638 children aged 9–18 years from six public and six private schools. Data were collected using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C), Youth Risk Behaviour Survey (YRBS), Model of Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire (MYPA), and 3-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire (3DPAR). Analyses included descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests and multivariable binary logistic regression at a 0.05 significance level and 95% confidence interval. Results Most participants (82%) were insufficiently active, with only 18% achieving sufficient PA. Reported barriers included lack of playgrounds or parks near home (p=0.012), neighbourhood safety concerns (p=0.041), and limited parental supervision (p=0.006). Watching television reduced the odds of PA by 69% (aOR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.13-0.75). Conversely, peer support increased activity by 15% (aOR=1.15, 95% CI: 0.67–1.97), while not being concerned about showering or fixing hair after PA increased activity by 94% (aOR=1.94; 95% CI: 1.21–3.11). Conclusion The majority of school children in this study did not meet recommended PA levels. Barriers to activity included personal, parental, and environmental factors. Interventions should prioritise safe play spaces, increased parental and peer support, and reduced screen time to curb future non-communicable disease risks.