article · Catalysts
This review examines titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanocatalysts alongside their derivatives for the degradation of organic pollutants, including dyes, hydrocarbons, and pesticides. It analyses the underlying reaction mechanisms and evaluates how anchoring metallic cocatalysts, such as silver, platinum, and copper, as well as non-metallic dopants like carbon and nitrogen, influences photodegradation performance. The work assesses the strengths and limitations of different synthesis techniques for producing these nanomaterials. Additionally, it explores the influence of operational variables such as catalyst dosage, material structure, pollutant concentration, acidity, light characteristics, temperature, and exposure duration. Evidence shows that incorporating metallic or non-metallic cocatalysts into zinc oxide and titanium dioxide structures significantly boosts their stability, reusability, and catalytic efficiency during the breakdown of harmful organic compounds.
Water resources are frequently contaminated by industrial dyes, pesticides, and hydrocarbons that resist natural decomposition. Understanding how to engineer more robust zinc oxide and titanium dioxide catalysts provides clearer pathways towards advanced purification. By highlighting how structural additions improve catalytic stability and reusability, this knowledge assists in designing more reliable treatment methods for persistent hazardous waste.
The findings are relevant to developers of advanced wastewater treatment systems targeting industrial dyes, hydrocarbons, and agricultural pesticides. Because the work reviews laboratory-scale reaction mechanisms, synthesis methods, and operational parameters, the underlying technology sits at an early research stage. Real-world commercialisation will require resolving synthesis trade-offs and validating catalyst durability and reusability within continuous flow conditions outside controlled laboratory environments.
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This review article provides useful information on TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysts and their derivatives in removing organic contaminants such as dyes, hydrocarbons, pesticides, etc. Also, the reaction mechanisms of TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysts and their derivatives were investigated. In addition, the impact of adding metallic (e.g., Ag, Co, Pt, Pd, Cu, Au, and Ni) and non-metallic (e.g., C, N, O, and S) cocatalysts to their structure on the photodegradation efficiency of organic compounds was thoroughly studied. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis procedures of ZnO and TiO2 nanocatalysts were discussed and compared. Furthermore, the impact of photocatalyst dosage, photocatalyst structure, contaminant concentration, pH, light intensity and wavelength, temperature, and reaction time on the photodegradation efficiency were studied. According to previous studies, adding metallic and non-metallic cocatalysts to the TiO2 and ZnO structure led to a remarkable enhancement in their stability and reusability. In addition, metallic and non-metallic cocatalysts attached to TiO2 and ZnO demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic efficiency in removing organic contaminants.
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DOI: 10.3390/catal14070420
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