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Laboratory and computational evaluations show that extracts from the flowers, leaves, and fruits of Solanum elaeagnifolium possess notable antioxidant and antidiabetic characteristics. Chemical profiling revealed that the plant parts are rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, including salicylic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside, kaempferol, and chalcone. In laboratory assays, all three extract types demonstrated antioxidant capacity alongside strong inhibitory effects against the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, with fruit and leaf extracts displaying particularly high potency. In addition, molecular docking simulations indicated that several phenolic constituents, especially rutin, quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside, chalcone, and naringin, bind effectively to the active site of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a key enzyme involved in blood sugar management.
Enzymes that break down dietary carbohydrates and regulate metabolic hormones are standard targets in managing diabetes. Identifying botanical sources with natural compounds capable of inhibiting these specific enzymes provides a baseline understanding that may inform the discovery of alternative therapeutic agents or dietary interventions for metabolic health.
This work points to prospective applications in pharmaceutical discovery or nutraceutical development targeting metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Potential users include drug development teams and health product formulators. The research remains at an early laboratory stage, having been conducted purely through in vitro biochemical assays and in silico molecular docking models.
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In this study, the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of S. elaeagnifolium flower (SEFl), fruit (SEFr), and leaf (SEFe) extracts were investigated in vitro and in silico. HPLC-DAD analysis was used to determine the chemical components. Colorimetric techniques were used to identify polyphenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant capacity was determined using DPPH and TAC assays. The antidiabetic activity was examined using the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Molecular docking methods were used to assess the anti-dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity. According to HPLC findings, extracts of S. elaeagnifolium flowers, leaves, and fruits are rich in salicylic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside, kaempferol, and chalcone. The IC50 for flower, leaf, and fruit extracts were 132 ± 5.59 μg/mL, 43.19 ± 1.46 μg/mL, and 132 ± 5.59 μg/mL, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity of SEFr, SEFe, and SEFl were determined to be 900.06 ± 4.01 μg AAE/mg, 792.10 ± 6.72 μg AAE/mg, and 681.10 ± 3.02 μg AAE/mg, respectively. Importantly, SEFe, SEFl, and SEFr displayed significant anti-α-amylase activity, with IC50 values of 79.16 ± 2.35 µg/mL, 99.16 ± 1.17 µg/mL, and 40.31 ± 2.04 µg/mL, respectively. The results also showed that SEFr, SEFe, and SEFl all exhibited potent anti-α-glucosidase activity, whose IC50 values were determined to be 20.53 ± 0.37 µg/mL (SEFr), 20.05 ± 0.12 µg/mL (SEFe), and 41.1 ± 1.55 µg/mL (SEFl). Molecular docking of S. elaeagnifolium phenolic compounds in the active site of DPP-IV revealed a strong inhibitory effect, with a glide score ranging from −2.63 to −8.10 Kcal/mol. Notably—with glide scores of −8.10, −6.23, −5.73, and −5.37 Kcal/mol—rutin, quercetin-3-O-beta-glucoside, chalcone, and naringin were the most active molecules against DPP-IV.
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DOI: 10.3390/pr11051384
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