Phase separation as an emerging regulatory framework in antibody class switching and genome stability

Abstract

) switch regions. Rather than treating LLPS as universally established, this review critically evaluates experimental evidence supporting condensate-like behavior in CSR-associated repair compartments, distinguishing demonstrated mechanisms from LLPS-consistent or speculative models. We further discuss how disruption of condensate dynamics-either through impaired assembly or pathological stabilization-can compromise repair fidelity, contributing to immunodeficiency and B cell lymphomagenesis. By positioning CSR as a paradigm for studying higher-order nuclear organization during programmed genome rearrangements, this review highlights how condensate-based regulation may contribute to immune diversification and genome stability.