Personal Protective Equipment Utilization and Occupational Safety Culture among University Cleaners: Implications for Sustainable Health and Decent Work in a Selected Nigeria University

Abstract

Abstract Cleaners play critical roles in maintaining institutional hygiene, yet face significant occupational hazards, making personal protective equipment (PPE) essential for their safety. Despite global evidence of poor PPE use among non-clinical workers, no empirical study has specifically investigated cleaners in Nigerian universities. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of PPE use among cleaners at Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, and identify factors influencing their utilization. A descriptive qualitative design was employed, involving in-depth interviews with 17 female cleaners selected through purposive convenience sampling from various work areas including hostels, classrooms, laboratories, and administrative blocks. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's six-step thematic analysis framework, guided by the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) model, Health Belief Model (HBM), and Neuman's Systems Model. Results revealed that cleaners held overwhelmingly positive attitudes toward PPE, viewing it as essential despite occasional environmental discomfort. All participants (100%) demonstrated clear understanding of PPE and correctly identified gloves and face masks as essential items. Practice was generally consistent for high-risk tasks such as toilet cleaning, though selective use occurred during perceived lower-risk activities like outdoor sweeping. Key influencing factors included monthly training sessions, unannounced supervisory monitoring, and organizational enforcement policies as enablers, while supply limitations particularly for nose masks and environmental discomfort served as barriers. While knowledge and attitudes were strong, practice gaps existed due to supply limitations and task-based risk perception. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Personal Protective Equipment, Cleaners, Occupational health, University,