article · Sustainability
Combining solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and energy storage into grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems can accelerate the transition from conventional power to cleaner alternatives. A simulation study evaluated multiple energy system configurations designed to transform a commercial facility into a green building, using a hotel in Petra, Jordan, as a case study. Evaluated using HOMER grid software, five distinct configurations incorporated combinations of solar panels, wind turbines, converters, batteries, diesel generators, and the national grid. The analysis sought to minimise operational energy expenses while cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The optimal configuration achieved a cost of energy of USD 0.0415 per kilowatt-hour, a total net present cost of USD 1.16 million, and an internal rate of return of 15.8 percent. Crucially, this setup delivered an estimated 77 percent reduction in carbon emissions compared to baseline consumption.
Commercial buildings consume substantial amounts of fossil energy, generating heavy carbon footprints and high utility expenses. By validating optimal mixes of solar, wind, and storage technology, this research provides facility operators and energy planners with quantitative evidence that hybrid green upgrades can be both environmentally beneficial and economically sound.
This work demonstrates an applied simulation model that facility managers, hospitality operators, and energy service companies can use to design cost-effective microgrids for commercial buildings. Because the findings are based on software simulations rather than physical deployment, the approach is at an applied research stage, requiring site-specific engineering and capital investment before real-world installation can occur.
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A hybrid system, such as solar and wind, may be more successful than nonhybrid systems in accelerating the transition from conventional to renewable power sources. However, these new energy sources have several challenges, such as intermittency, storage capacity, and grid stability. This paper presents a complete analysis and study of a hybrid renewable-energy system (HRES) to convert a facility into a green building and reduce its dependence on conventional energy by generating clean energy with near-zero greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. The proposed system aims to reduce the energy bill of a hotel in Petra, Jordan, by considering different sustainable energy resource configurations in a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (GHRES). The hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER) grid software was utilized on the hybrid systems to study ways to improve their overall efficiency and mitigate GHG emissions from an economic perspective. The hybrid system components included in the simulation were a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, a wind turbine (WT) system, a diesel generator (DG), and a converter. Five scenarios (PV–Converter–DG–Grid, PV–Converter–Battery–DG–Grid, WT–DG–Grid, PV–WT–Converter–Battery–DG–Grid, PV–WT–Converter–DG–Grid) were considered. The optimal configuration had a USD 1.16 M total net present cost, USD 0.0415/kWh cost of energy, 15.8% effective internal rate of return, and an approximately 77% reduction in carbon emissions compared to the base case.
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DOI: 10.3390/su15097529
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