Overcoming Technical and Operational Barriers in Low-Voltage Mini-Grids: Two Decades of Research Trends, Progress, and Pathways for Accelerated Rural Electrification (2005–2025)

Abstract

Low-voltage mini-grids play a crucial role in expanding electricity access for rural and remote communities. However, they continue to face technical and operational barriers that hinder their performance and reliability. This study reviewed the evolution of research on technical challenges in low-voltage mini-grids from 2005 to 2025. Using the PRISMA approach, data were extracted from the Scopus database, yielding 155 publications for bibliometric analysis. Bibliometrix in R Studio was used to examine publication trends, geographical contributions, and thematic evolution, while qualitative synthesis identified key engineering and operational constraints. The findings revealed a steady increase in research outputs since 2020, driven by global policy commitments, including Sustainable Development Goal 7 and the Paris Agreement. Persistent technical barriers include voltage and frequency instability, inadequate power quality monitoring, inefficient integration of energy storage, poor control coordination, and limited system design optimisation. African nations contribute less to global research despite being most affected by energy poverty, highlighting capacity and funding gaps. The study highlights the need for integrated solutions combining smart control, hybrid storage, and grid-interconnection technologies to enhance resilience and reliability. For policymakers and practitioners, the findings advocate for investment in research, capacity building, and locally tailored technical standards designed for resource-constrained contexts. This review provides a comprehensive evidence base to guide future research and policy directions aimed at achieving sustainable, technically robust, and financially viable mini-grid systems for universal energy access.