Orientation Effect and Enhancement Mechanism of Magnetoelectric Conversion Performance in Multilayer Nanocomposite for Magnetic Field Perception

Abstract

With the rapid development of the Internet of Everything (IoE) and intelligent sensing technologies, magnetoelectric (ME) materials have attracted increasing in-terest for applications in magnetic sensing, energy harvesting, and self-powered electronic systems. Enhancing the ME response through material design and cou-pling mechanism optimization remains a key challenge in advancing device per-formance. In this work, a laminated magnetoelectric composite with a P(VDF-TrFE)/Fe₃O₄–PZT architecture is proposed, in which a flexible polymer–particle composite layer is integrated with a piezoelectric ceramic to achieve enhanced magnetoelectric conversion through a synergistic multi-physics mechanism. In this structure, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles dispersed in the P(VDF-TrFE) matrix provide magnetic-field-responsive mechanical interactions and simultaneously couple with Lorentz-force-induced strain generated in the metallic electrode layers under com-bined AC and DC magnetic fields. Owing to the cooperative contribution of mag-netic-response-induced deformation and Lorentz force effects, the proposed com-posite exhibits an average 15% enhancement in magnetoelectric voltage output compared with the P(VDF-TrFE)-PZT bilayer structure. A pronounced orienta-tion-dependent magnetoelectric response is also observed, with the output voltage following a cosine-like dependence on the magnetic field direction. Furthermore, the feasibility of magnetic energy harvesting under low-frequency excitation is ex-perimentally demonstrated, highlighting the potential of the proposed structure for flexible magnetic sensing and self-powered electronic applications.