review · Frontiers in Pharmacology
Olive leaves present significant potential as an affordable and accessible co-therapy supplement or candidate drug for treating COVID-19 and managing its clinical symptoms. Recent computational and in vitro studies indicate that olive leaves contain beneficial phenolic compounds, including oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, alongside triterpenoids such as maslinic, ursolic, and oleanolic acids that show anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Additionally, in vivo research reveals that olive leaf extract exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, immunomodulatory, and antithrombotic properties. These biological activities could help control dangerous complications in COVID-19 patients, particularly inflammatory cytokine storms and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Given their reported biosafety, low price, and widespread availability, olive leaves are proposed as viable candidates for further evaluation in human clinical trials.
Finding safe, accessible, and low-cost therapeutic options remains essential for managing viral infections and their severe complications. Olive leaves offer natural bioactive compounds capable of mitigating severe inflammation and blood clotting disorders associated with COVID-19. Because the material is inexpensive and widely available, validating its therapeutic properties in clinical settings could offer a practical, globally accessible option for disease management.
The findings suggest applications in the development of low-cost phytotherapeutic drugs or supportive dietary supplements for managing COVID-19 symptoms. Potential adopters include pharmaceutical companies, supplement manufacturers, and healthcare providers. Based on the cited computational, in vitro, and animal evidence, the technology remains at an early research stage, requiring human clinical trials to establish therapeutic efficacy and regulatory approval before real-world adoption can occur.
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Beginning from December 2019, widespread COVID-19 has caused huge financial misfortunes and exceptional wellbeing emergencies across the globe. Discovering an effective and safe drug candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 and its associated symptoms became an urgent global demand, especially due to restricted information that has been discharged with respect to vaccine efficacy and safety in humans. Reviewing the recent research, olive leaves were selected as a potential co-therapy supplement for the treatment and improvement of clinical manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Olive leaves were reported to be rich in phenolic compounds such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, apigenin-7- O -glucoside, and luteolin-7- O -glucoside and also triterpenoids such as maslinic, ursolic, and oleanolic acids that have been reported as anti–SARS-CoV-2 metabolites in recent computational and in vitro studies. In addition, olive leaf extract was previously reported in several in vivo studies for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, immunomodulatory, and antithrombotic activities which are of great benefit in the control of associated inflammatory cytokine storm and disseminated intravascular coagulation in COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, the described biological activities of olive leaves alongside their biosafety, availability, and low price make them a potential candidate drug or supplement to control COVID-19 infection and are recommended for clinical investigation.
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DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879118
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