Nutritional composition and biomass valorization potential of Terminalia catappa leaf litter

Abstract

This study evaluated the proximate composition and assessed the nutritional potential of Terminalia catappa leaf litter as a sustainable biomass resource for feed and agro-industrial applications. Proximate analysis revealed that carbohydrates (43.24 ± 0.06%) was the most abundant component, followed by crude fiber (26.90 ± 0.06%), crude fat (12.39 ± 0.06%), moisture (12.32 ± 0.04%), and ash (11.27 ± 0.05%), while crude protein (7.21 ± 0.02%) was the least abundant. The high carbohydrate and fiber contents indicate that the biomass can serve as an energy source and support digestive function, particularly in ruminant animals. Mineral analysis confirmed the presence of essential macro- and micro-elements, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and zinc, highlighting its potential contribution to micronutrient supply, although the values obtained were solvent-dependent and do not represent absolute composition. Anti-nutritional factor analysis showed that tannins (2.85 ± 0.12 mg/g), phytate (1.92 ± 0.08 mg/g), and oxalate (1.35 ± 0.06 mg/g) were present at low to moderate levels, suggesting minimal interference with nutrient bioavailability. The findings demonstrate that T. catappa leaf litter possesses significant nutritional value and can be utilized as a low-cost supplementary feed resource. This study establishes a viable pathway for biomass valorization by converting an underutilized plant residue into a functional material, thereby supporting sustainable agriculture and the development of a circular bioeconomy.