Nutritional and phytogenic modulation of caprine physiology: a systematic review of Moringa oleifera effects on metabolism, reproductive function, and lactation performance

Abstract

Introduction: in the forms of leaf meal, extract, or silage; Comparison: no interventions; Outcomes: growth performance, antioxidant status, reproduction, and milk yield and quality). Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were used to identify the studies from the search included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, and the publication window was January 2015 to December 2025 and screened them with systematic eligibility criteria to minimize selection bias. Results and discussion: is a highly nutritional phytogenic nutraceutical capable of enhancing metabolic efficiency, oxidative balance, reproductive performance, and quality of milk in goats. It produces benefits at moderate dietary inclusion levels, with physiological optimization as opposed to maximal dosing.