article · Mathematics
This research numerically investigates the behaviour of a water-based metallic ternary nanofluid containing silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles moving across an exponentially stretching surface. The mathematical model incorporates factors including gyrotactic microorganisms, thermal radiation, buoyancy forces, and activation energy, which are relevant to processes in the polymer industry such as molten polymer extrusion and fibre sheet production. Researchers transformed the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved them computationally using Matlab software. The findings show that nanoparticle temperature rises alongside increases in activation energy and Brownian motion parameters. Conversely, higher Lewis and thermophoresis numbers reduce the distribution of nanoparticle concentration. In addition, the density profile of gyrotactic microorganisms increases when subjected to enhanced Brownian motion and thermal radiation effects.
Understanding how heat and nanoparticles behave around stretching surfaces is critical for optimising industrial fluid processes. By showing how factors like thermal radiation and activation energy influence fluid temperatures and nanoparticle spread, this computational work helps describe fluid systems used in manufacturing environments, such as producing synthetic fibre sheets and processing molten polymers.
The abstract highlights applications in the polymer industry, specifically the manufacturing of fibre sheets and the extrusion of molten polymers through slit dies. Industrial engineers and polymer manufacturers could use these numerical insights to better control heat and material transport during processing. As a theoretical and computational investigation solved in software, this work represents early-stage research that requires experimental testing and physical validation before direct industrial implementation.
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In the modern age, the study of nanofluids over the stretching sheet has received much attention from researchers due to its significant role in the polymer industry, for instance in the production of fibre sheets and the extrusion of molten polymers through a slit die. Due to these affordable applications, the current study focusses on the motion of metallic ternary nanofluids (Ag-Au-Cu/H2O) past an exponential stretching sheet, taking diverse effects such as gyrotactic microorganisms, activation energy, buoyancy forces and thermal radiation into consideration. The model was created with the complex system of partial differential equations. Suitable similarity transformations and non-dimensional quantities were utilized to transform the complex system of partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations. The resultant system is solved with the help of Matlab software. The computational outcomes are presented through the tables and pictorial notations. It is observed from the current analysis that the nanoparticle temperature of the ternary nanofluid enhances with the enhancement of activation energy and Brownian motion parameters. For the rising values of Lewis and thermophoresis numbers there is a declination in the nanoparticle concentration distribution. The Brownian motion and radiation effects increase the microorganism profile.
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DOI: 10.3390/math11040981
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