Novel pyrazole and imidazolone compounds: synthesis, X-ray crystal structure with theoretical investigation of new pyrazole and imidazolone compounds anticipated insecticide’s activities against <i>targeting Plodia interpunctella</i> and <i>nilaparvata lugens</i>

Abstract

In this study, we synthesized (2-propoxyphenyl)(3-(<i>p</i>-tolyl)oxiran-2-yl)methanone through oxidizing the double bond of the respective chalcone <i>via</i> the Weitz-Scheffer epoxidation reaction. Additionally, the chalcone with an oxirane ring served as a fundamental building block for the synthesis of various pyrazole and imidazole derivatives, employing diverse nitrogen nucleophiles. All synthesized compounds were confirmed <i>via</i> analytical and spectroscopic analysis, such as FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Furthermore, all these nitrogen heterocycles were optimized <i>via</i> the DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis set and their physical descriptors were identified. Compound 11 was further confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction with Hirshfeld analysis, and the results were correlated with the optimized structure by comparing their bond length and bond angle, which provided excellent correlation. Additionally, the insecticidal activities of the newly synthesized compounds were tested against <i>P. interpunctella</i> and <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>. The heterocyclic compounds exhibited remarkable activity compared to the standard reference thiamethoxam. These findings were further confirmed through docking simulation with different proteins, namely PDBID 3aqy and 3wyw. The compounds interacted effectively within the protein pockets, displaying a higher binding energy with amino acids.