article · Scientific Reports
This research outlines a method for the biological synthesis of rod-shaped manganese oxide nanoparticles using extracellular bioactive metabolites from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens strain EG92. Cultivated on a wheat bran medium, the fungal growth parameters and medium composition were statistically optimised using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs. Optimal growth settings included a pH of 5.5, 35 percent wheat bran extract, and a 10 percent inoculum size, substantially enhancing fungal biomass and metabolite yields. Further process improvements using a Taguchi experimental design refined the nanoparticle synthesis reaction, utilising manganese chloride as a precursor. The optimised bioprocess increased nanoparticle productivity substantially. Testing showed that the resulting manganese oxide nanoparticles, which have an average crystallite size of around 35 nanometres, display fast and precise antagonistic activity against plant-pathogenic bacteria, outperforming their effects against fungi.
Plant diseases caused by bacterial pathogens pose a continuous threat to agricultural productivity. Developing biological methods to produce metallic nanoparticles using agricultural by-products, such as wheat bran, provides a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical syntheses. This work demonstrates a scalable biological production route for nanomaterials that can combat agricultural pathogens, supporting efforts towards more environmentally benign crop protection strategies.
This work points toward applications in agriculture as nano-bio-pesticides for controlling phytopathogenic diseases, potentially relevant to agrochemical manufacturers and crop protection specialists. By establishing bioprocessing strategies and parameter optimisation that increased production yields, the research moves beyond basic synthesis toward scaled biomanufacturing. However, it remains at an applied, laboratory-tested stage, with further field trials and formulation work required before commercial implementation can occur.
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Abstract This report provides the first description of the myco-synthesis of rod-shaped MnO NPs with an average crystallite size of ~ 35 nm, employing extracellular bioactive metabolites of endophytic Trichoderma virens strain EG92 as capping/reducing agents and MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O as a parent component. The wheat bran medium was chosen to grow endophytic strain EG92, which produced a variety of bioactive metabolites in extracellular fraction, which increases the yield of MnO NPs to 9.53 g/l. The whole medium and fungal growth conditions that influenced biomass generation were optimized as successive statistical optimization approaches (Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs). The production improvements were achieved at pH 5.5, WBE (35%), and inoculum size (10%), which increased X max to twelve-folds (89.63 g/l); thereby, P max increased to eight-folds (82.93 g/l). After 162 h, X max (145.63 g/l) and P max (99.52 g/l) on the side of µ max and Y X/S were determined as 0.084 and 7.65, respectively. Via Taguchi experimental design, fungus-fabricated MnO NPs reaction was improved by adding 0.25 M of MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O to 100% of fungal extract (reducing/capping agents) and adjusting the reaction pH adjusted to ~ 5. This reaction was incubated at 60 °C for 5 h before adding 20% fungal extract (stabilizing agent). Also, P max was raised 40-fold (395.36 g/l) over the BC. Our myco-synthesized MnO NPs exhibit faster and more precise antagonistic actions against phytopathogenic bacteria than fungi; they could be employed as an alternative and promised nano-bio-pesticide to manage a variety of different types of disease-pathogens in the future.
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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28749-z
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