review · Biosensors
Wearable sensors are evolving from basic fitness trackers into compact, adaptable devices that attach to clothing or the body to track physiological data without hindering comfort. Potentiometric sensors using solid contact materials, especially nanomaterials, have become a leading approach for chemical and biological sensing. Nanomaterials provide useful physical properties, notably high electrical conductivity and large surface-to-volume ratios. These sensors enable the precise measurement of critical ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and chloride, within human biological fluids. Current progress centres on two principal applications. The first involves tracking ion concentrations in sweat to assess athletic condition and performance. The second focuses on clinical diagnostics and preventive healthcare, monitoring patients to detect early indicators of physical conditions such as dehydration, muscle spasms, and fatigue.
Continuous monitoring of body chemistry through comfortable wearables can transform how individuals and clinicians manage physical wellness. By measuring vital electrolytes directly in fluids like sweat, flexible sensors offer immediate insights into an individual's physiological state. This enables the early detection of critical risks such as dehydration or muscle spasms, supporting both everyday preventive healthcare and sports management.
The technology enables continuous electrolyte monitoring for athletic performance tracking and clinical preventive care, serving athletes, patients, and medical practitioners. It aims to yield compact, multi-functional sensors integrated directly into clothing or attached to skin. As the findings reflect an evaluation of recent research advancements across various nanomaterial contacts, the technology sits largely at an applied research stage progressing toward commercial device integration.
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In recent years, the field of wearable sensors has undergone significant evolution, emerging as a pivotal topic of research due to the capacity of such sensors to gather physiological data during various human activities. Transitioning from basic fitness trackers, these sensors are continuously being improved, with the ultimate objective to make compact, sophisticated, highly integrated, and adaptable multi-functional devices that seamlessly connect to clothing or the body, and continuously monitor bodily signals without impeding the wearer's comfort or well-being. Potentiometric sensors, leveraging a range of different solid contact materials, have emerged as a preferred choice for wearable chemical or biological sensors. Nanomaterials play a pivotal role, offering unique properties, such as high conductivity and surface-to-volume ratios. This article provides a review of recent advancements in wearable potentiometric sensors utilizing various solid contacts, with a particular emphasis on nanomaterials. These sensors are employed for precise ion concentration determinations, notably sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and chloride, in human biological fluids. This review highlights two primary applications, that is, (1) the enhancement of athletic performance by continuous monitoring of ion levels in sweat to gauge the athlete's health status, and (2) the facilitation of clinical diagnosis and preventive healthcare by monitoring the health status of patients, in particular to detect early signs of dehydration, fatigue, and muscle spasms.
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DOI: 10.3390/bios15010051
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