review · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Rising multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pan-resistant Gram-negative strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, demands alternative antibacterial options. Several emerging materials offer potent antibacterial activities against organisms such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Notable nanomaterials include quantum dots, carbon quantum dots, layered double hydroxides, metal-organic frameworks, and covalent organic frameworks. Metal-organic frameworks operate via surface interactions and controlled ion release, while covalent organic frameworks display intrinsic activity and boost encapsulated antibiotic performance. Quantum dots generate reactive oxygen species to trigger microbial inactivation. Furthermore, incorporating antibacterial agents within these material frameworks helps bypass resistance mechanisms and maintains long-term efficacy. Novel liquid solvents, specifically ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and natural deep eutectic solvents, also provide notable antibacterial potential to help address resistant bacterial threats.
The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant and pan-resistant bacteria poses a severe public health challenge worldwide. Identifying alternative antibacterial solutions is vital because standard antibiotics increasingly fail against resilient pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Understanding how novel frameworks and emerging liquid solvents neutralise pathogens gives researchers new pathways to bypass bacterial resistance and design more sustainable treatments.
This research highlights material platforms that could support developers of novel antibacterial formulations, drug-delivery vehicles, and antimicrobial treatments. The primary beneficiaries are pharmaceutical and biomaterial developers seeking alternatives to conventional antibiotics for resistant pathogens. Because the underlying data centres on synthesis methods and laboratory efficacy against bacterial cultures, these material technologies represent an early-stage research phase that requires further validation before clinical or industrial use.
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The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens is a critical public health issue, necessitating the development of alternative antibacterial agents. Examples of these pathogens are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the emergence of "pan-resistant" Gram-negative strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, which occurred more recently. This review examines various emerging materials with significant antibacterial activities. Among these are nanomaterials such as quantum dots, carbon quantum dots, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and layered double hydroxides, all of which demonstrate excellent antibacterial properties. Interestingly, including antibacterial agents within the structure of these materials can help avoid bacterial resistance and improve the long-term efficacy of the materials. Additionally, the antibacterial potential of liquid solvents, including ionic liquids and both deep eutectic solvents and natural deep eutectic solvents, is explored. The review discusses the synthesis methods, advantages, and antibacterial efficacy of these new materials. By providing a comprehensive overview of these innovative materials, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing search for effective solutions to combat antibiotic resistance. Key studies demonstrating antibacterial effects against pathogens like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and multidrug-resistant strains are summarized. MOFs have exhibited antibacterial properties through controlled ion release and surface interactions. COFs have enhanced the efficacy of encapsulated antibiotics and displayed intrinsic antibacterial activity. Other nanomaterials, such as quantum dots, have generated reactive oxygen species, leading to microbial inactivation. This review aims to provide insights into these new classes of antibacterial materials and highlight them for addressing the global crisis of antibiotic resistance. KEY POINTS: • Nanomaterials show strong antibacterial effects against drug-resistant bacteria • Emerging solvents like ionic liquids offer novel solutions for bacterial resistance • MOFs and COFs enhance antibiotic efficacy, showing promise in combating resistance.
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DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13337-6
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