Needs Assessment to Inform a Life Course-Based Support Programme for Adolescents with Perinatally Acquired HIV in Rural Limpopo, South Africa

Abstract

This study explored the challenges and support needs of adolescents identified as living with perinatally acquired HIV based on clinical history and early childhood treatment records to generate evidence that can inform the development of an adolescent-centred support programme. A mixed-methods, sequential exploratory design was employed. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 APHIV (mean age 15.5 years, range 12–19; 61.9% female) recruited from health facilities in rural Limpopo, South Africa. In the quantitative phase, a survey informed by qualitative findings was administered to 186 APHIV. Life Course Theory informed the conceptual framework of this study and guided the development of the interview guide as well as the interpretation of adolescents’ lived experiences. Data saturation was reached after twenty-one in-depth interviews. The qualitative analysis generated themes related to HIV/AIDS knowledge and support systems, which were subsequently interpreted through key Life Course Theory constructs, including time and place, agency, timing, and linked lives. The findings revealed that the life trajectories of older adolescents were more strongly shaped by the historical circumstances surrounding their HIV diagnosis and disclosure compared with those of younger adolescents. The results further highlighted gaps in treatment literacy, challenges in disclosure processes, emotional distress, and variability in family and health-care support. Most adolescents reported that their HIV-positive status was disclosed by someone other than their parents, while some discovered their status independently. The findings provide empirical evidence on informational, psychosocial, and support needs that can guide the design of adolescent-centred interventions for adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV. This study recommends the development of context-specific, adolescent-centred support programmes that integrate psychosocial support, family engagement, and improved communication with healthcare providers to strengthen adherence and well-being among APHI.