article · Water Environment Research
The yeast strain Cyberlindnera fabianii demonstrates strong capacity for the biodegradation and decolorization of azo dyes. Evaluated against multiple dyes, the strain was tested on Acid Red 14 to assess the enzymatic breakdown process. Dye degradation was accompanied by significant increases in both intracellular and extracellular activities of laccase, tyrosinase, manganese peroxidase, and azoreductase. Crucially, phytotoxicity evaluations indicated that the by-products of this biodegradation process were not phytotoxic when compared to the original dye molecules. Experimental optimisation using the Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology established that pH, initial dye concentration, and shaking speed strongly influence efficiency, with pH proving to be the most critical factor. Under optimal conditions of pH 5.154 and a dye concentration of 50 milligrams per litre, Cyberlindnera fabianii eliminated over 97 percent of Acid Red 14 within 12 hours.
Azo dyes are common industrial pollutants that present ecological hazards when discharged untreated. Demonstrating that a yeast strain can rapidly break down such dyes into non-phytotoxic by-products offers a safer, biologically driven approach to pollution control. This helps address the environmental footprint of dye-reliant industries by providing a biological mechanism that neutralises toxic compounds without generating hazardous residues.
The findings could inform biological effluent treatment systems for textile and dye manufacturing facilities. Potential beneficiaries include industrial wastewater treatment plant operators and bioremediation service providers. The technology is currently early-stage research, having been tested and mathematically optimised at laboratory scale using model dye solutions. Moving towards commercial use would require pilot-scale validation and testing on complex, real-world industrial effluents.
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This study investigated the dye decolorization capacity of three yeast strains. Cyberlindnera fabianii was shortlisted for its high decolorization capacity and was further tested on various azo dyes. Based on the color of the biomass, and the UV-Vis analysis, Acid Red 14 was selected as a model dye, to examine the enzymatic biodegradation. The results showed significant increase in the intracellular and extracellular activities of laccase, tyrosinase, manganese peroxidase, and azoreductase. Phytotoxicity assessment indicated that the AR14 biodegradation by-products were not phytotoxic compared to the original dye molecules. Regarding the decolorization optimization, the screening of factors using the Plackett-Burman design showed that pH, dye concentration, and shaking speed had significant effects. These factors and their combined effect were evaluated using response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken model. The pH was the most significant factor, followed by dye concentration. The analysis of the contour plot and the 3D response surface diagram showed that the decolorization was inversely proportional to the increase in the initial dye concentration, but proportional to the initial pH and shaking speed. At optimal conditions (pH = 5.154, AR14 = 50 mg/L), C. fabianii could decolorize more than 97% of AR14 within 12 hr. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Cyberlindnera fabianii is a successful candidate for dye mycoremediation. Oxidase and reductase are the key enzymes involved in the biodegradation of azo dyes. By-products of Acid red 14 biodegradation are not phytoxic compared to the original dye. Design of experience tools enables to determine optimum conditions for efficient decolorization.
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DOI: 10.1002/wer.1499
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