article · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
Recent measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument suggest possible evidence for dynamical dark energy when analysed alongside cosmic microwave background and supernova data using specific dark energy models. However, this signal depends heavily on the chosen framework, showing weaker significance in alternative formulations. To remove model dependence, distance measures and the equation of state of dark energy were reconstructed directly from observational data without assuming a specific late-time model. This data-driven analysis indicates that model-agnostic evidence for dynamical dark energy is not statistically significant. The approach also produces model-independent constraints on fundamental cosmological parameters, specifically the present-day Hubble constant and matter-energy density. While early-time distance priors derived from the standard model were incorporated, the outcomes remain broadly consistent across alternative models that do not diverge substantially from standard cosmological assumptions.
Understanding dark energy is essential to determining the expansion rate and ultimate fate of the universe. Demonstrating that apparent evidence for dynamical dark energy weakens when tested independently of specific theoretical models helps astrophysicists refine standard cosmological frameworks. It prevents premature shifts in scientific consensus by separating genuine observational signals from assumptions embedded in particular mathematical models.
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Abstract Baryon acoustic oscillation measurements by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (Data Release 1) have revealed exciting results that show evidence for dynamical dark energy at ∼ 3 σ when combined with cosmic microwave background and type Ia supernova observations. These measurements are based on the w 0 w a CDM model of dark energy. The evidence is less in other dark energy models such as the w CDM model. In order to avoid imposing a dark energy model, we reconstruct the distance measures and the equation of the state of dark energy independent of any dark energy model and driven only by observational data. Our results show that the model-agnostic (in terms of late-time models) evidence for dynamical dark energy from DESI is not significant. Our analysis also provides model-independent constraints on cosmological parameters such as the Hubble constant and the matter-energy density parameter at present. Although we used CMB distance priors (not full CMB data) from a ΛCDM early-time model, our results remain largely similar for other cosmological models, provided that these models do not differ significantly from the standard model.
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DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2025/01/120
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