Metal–Graphitic Carbon Nitride-based Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environments pose significant environmental risks, necessitating the development of effective treatment methods. Consequently, research efforts have intensified to identify efficient approaches for PPCP removal. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are promising for the rapid degradation of these pollutants. Among the materials used in AOPs, graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) has gained attention due to its low cost, ease of preparation, and eco-friendliness. However, its catalytic performance is often hindered by the rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes (e−–h+), limited light absorption, and particle agglomeration. To address these limitations, researchers are focusing on modification strategies, particularly the use of metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) and dual-atom catalysts (DACs). This chapter provides an overview of PPCP classification, elucidates the mechanisms of AOPs, and reviews modification strategies such as SACs and DACs for GCN. Additionally, it examines the role of modified GCN-based atomically dispersed catalysts (ADCs) as catalysts, discussing their applications in photocatalysis, Fenton/Fenton-like processes, and persulfate-based AOPs (PS-AOPs). Finally, it highlights the challenges associated with modified GCN-based catalysts and explores future prospects for their use in treating PPCPs.