Membrane Technology Enhanced by Nanostructures for Wastewater Circular Economy

Abstract

Access to clean water is crucial for society's advancement and economic prosperity. However, population growth, industrialization, urbanization, and intensive agriculture contribute to wastewater pollution, causing millions of deaths annually from different diseases. This chapter primarily examines membrane technologies being investigated as practical approaches to treating sewage, with the goal of satisfying the growing global need for potable freshwater and reducing ecological repercussions. These technologies offer numerous advantages but face significant challenges like membrane blockage, life, and fouling issues, which limit their widespread use. The second part of this chapter discusses in depth how nanotechnology has made significant strides in various fields, including wastewater treatment and the importance of nanomaterials, with their high adsorption capacity, sensitivity, reactivity, surface-to-volume ratio, and functionalization ease, which are ideal for membrane integration to enhance wastewater treatment capabilities. In addition, this chapter explores techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies to assess wastewater treatment technologies’ sustainability and readiness. Multiple treatment options must be integrated into the wastewater treatment process to achieve economic viability and environmental sustainability. Herein, we provide the basis for establishing efficient wastewater treatment technology that maximizes financial advantages with minimal effect on the environment.