Mediating Role of Depression and Anxiety in the Association Between Food Insecurity and Delayed TB Treatment in Botswana

Abstract

Abstract Background Delayed tuberculosis (TB) treatment remains a major challenge to TB control and is associated with increased mortality, drug resistance, and onward transmission. Food insecurity may contribute to delayed TB treatment through economic, physical, and psychosocial pathways. Depression and anxiety are also associated with delayed TB treatment and may mediate the relationship between food insecurity and delayed TB treatment. This study examined the association between food insecurity and delayed TB treatment initiation and assessed the mediation roles of depression and anxiety for this relationship among people newly diagnosed with TB. Methods We recruited 180 participants newly diagnosed with TB in Gaborone, Botswana. Food insecurity, depression, and anxiety were measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, PHQ-9, and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, respectively. Delayed TB treatment was defined as > 2 months since first TB symptoms. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between food insecurity and delayed TB treatment. Causal mediation analysis was conducted to assess the mediating roles of depression and anxiety. Results Among the 180 participants, 45 (25%) experienced delayed TB treatment initiation. Participants with delayed TB treatment had slightly higher median scores for food insecurity (2 vs. 1, p = 0.11), depression (9 vs. 6, p = 0.001), and anxiety (37 vs. 34, p = 0.05). There was insufficient evidence of an overall association between food insecurity and delayed TB treatment initiation (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.98–1.11, p = 0.20). Mediation analysis found insufficient evidence of total and direct effects through depression and anxiety. However, there was evidence of significant indirect effect through depression (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.08, p < 0.001) and a borderline indirect effect through anxiety (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.04, p = 0.05). Conclusion Mediation analysis revealed associations between food insecurity and delayed TB treatment initiation mediated by depression and anxiety which were not evident in total effects analysis. These findings highlight the importance of considering both socioeconomic and psychological factors in addressing delayed TB treatment. Further studies are needed to confirm these pathways.