Mechanistic links between vitamin deficiencies and diabetes mellitus: a review

Abstract

Vitamin deficiencies are suspected of causing the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus. However, this subject has not received adequate attention. This study reviews and communicates the plausible links between vitamin deficiencies and DM. Relevant articles were retrieved from reputable academic databases and the current information revealed that vitamins of primary importance in the pathogenesis of DM are vitamins A, C, D, E, and B-vitamins. Vitamin A enhances beta-cell formation and glucose metabolism. B-vitamins lower homocysteine levels and thus prevent oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, β-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Vitamin C reduces free radicals and enhances superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and blood glucose circulation. Vitamin D prevents autoimmunity and promotes cellular and systemic uptake insulin. Vitamin E reduces free radicals and C – reactive proteins, prevents lipid peroxidation, and improves insulin function. These vitamin deficiencies can result in beta-cell abnormalities, insulin resistance, and insulin insufficiency. The major causes of vitamin deficiencies are low dietary supplementation, malabsorption, diseases, and lifestyle. Fortunately, dietary or therapeutic administration of these vitamins can reverse or delay the mentioned pathologies, resulting in improved diabetic conditions. Therefore, people are advised to consider vitamin intervention in the prevention and treatment of diabetic cases having a vitamin deficiency etiology.