article · Scientific Reports
A defective one-dimensional photonic crystal thermal sensor design incorporates layers of gallium nitride, glycerin, and air to measure temperature variations. The design exploits the photonic bandgap behaviour of the crystal alongside the thermo-optic response of glycerin, with an intended purpose of safeguarding archaeological artefacts over long periods. Theoretical modelling and numerical simulations using the transfer matrix approach evaluate transmission spectra shifts across varying temperatures. Optimising the refractive index of gallium nitride, as well as testing different defect layer thicknesses and incident angles, demonstrates strong performance. At an incident angle of 30 degrees, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of approximately 10 nanometres per degree Celsius alongside a quality factor of 35,443. Increasing the incident angle to 65 degrees raises the sensitivity to 20 nanometres per degree Celsius, yielding a quality factor of 14,723.
Precise temperature monitoring is crucial for preserving delicate historical and archaeological artefacts over extended periods. High-sensitivity optical sensors offer reliable thermal detection without physical disruption. By achieving high quality factors and significant wavelength shifts per degree of temperature change, this photonic crystal design illustrates how optical materials can be tuned to detect subtle environmental fluctuations vital for cultural heritage conservation.
The design targets conservation specialists and cultural heritage institutions requiring durable environmental monitoring to protect delicate artefacts. With performance assessed through theoretical modelling and numerical simulations in software, the technology is currently at an early design and simulation stage. Moving towards commercial deployment would necessitate physical fabrication, experimental validation of the multi-layer gallium nitride and glycerin structure, and testing under real-world museum or archive environmental conditions.
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This paper focuses on a defective one-dimensional photonic crystal thermal sensor with fabricated layers of gallium nitride, glycerin, and air. The transmission features of this sensor have been presented based on the transfer matrix approach using MATLAB software. Interest in the sensor's sensitivity to temperature variation is for the sake of the photonic bandgap behavior of the 1D photonic crystal and the thermo-optic effect of glycerin must be preserved over a long time in protecting archaeological artifacts. In this direction, theoretical modeling together with numerical simulation studies are conducted to optimize the refractive index of GaN to enhance sensitivity. This work is going to evaluate the performance of the sensor in terms of the shift in the transmission spectrum of the sensor with the imposition of changes in temperature. The effect of the thickness of the defect layer together with the incident angle on the performance of the sensor will be discussed further. Sensor sensitivities are about 10 nm/°C, with a quality factor reaching a high value of 35,443 at an incident angle of 30°, while sensitivities at an incident angle of 65° have 20 nm/°C and a quality factor of 14,723.
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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82889-4
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