review · Energy Reports
Global reliance on fossil fuels and growing electricity consumption have led to widespread energy challenges, creating a need for sustainable energy alternatives. Perovskite solar cells, which utilise hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide materials to harvest light, have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology. Their power conversion efficiencies have risen rapidly from 3.8 percent to 26.1 percent between 2009 and 2024. Because they can be produced from abundant and inexpensive raw materials, these cells offer a viable commercial prospect. Nevertheless, commercial-scale manufacturing and deployment remain in their infancy. A major hurdle is operational instability: devices incorporating titanium dioxide electron transport layers degrade swiftly when exposed to prolonged sunlight and humidity. Addressing these degradation issues and developing scalable manufacturing methods remain essential steps to establishing industrial production lines and achieving commercial viability.
With growing electricity demands straining power grids and reliance on depleting fossil fuels causing energy crises, alternative renewable energy options are critical. Perovskite solar cells provide a potentially low-cost, high-efficiency path to clean electricity generation. Overcoming their current physical degradation under real-world weather conditions is necessary before these devices can reliably generate power for households and industries.
Perovskite solar cells offer a commercial opportunity for photovoltaic manufacturers seeking cheaper alternatives to conventional solar technologies, given their reliance on low-cost, abundant raw materials. However, commercial production remains immature and at an early development stage. Real-world deployment is currently held back by device instability under humidity and sunlight, as well as a lack of established industrial fabrication lines, requiring further technological refinement before market entry is viable.
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Global electricity consumption increases rapidly creating strain on the grid. In contrast, the primary sources of electricity are fossil fuels such as gas, coal, and oil which are non-renewable and limited, resulting in energy crises. Therefore, the global energy crisis remains a big challenge that requires renewable and sustainable solutions. Perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell that uses a perovskite-structured compound, usually a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material as the light-harvesting active layer. In the development of perovskite solar cells spanning 2009–2024, exceptional power conversion efficiencies ranging from 3.8 % to 26.1 % have been reported. As such, perovskite solar cells hold significant promise as the next generation of affordable and effective photovoltaic solar cell technology. Moreover, perovskite solar cells have recently gained popularity and presented an excellent commercial opportunity because they are made from readily available and inexpensive raw materials. However, the commercial production and utilization of perovskite solar cells remains immature. It has been shown that perovskite solar cells containing titanium dioxide as the electron transport layer exhibit poor stability, degrading quickly under prolonged exposure to sunlight and humid conditions. These instability concerns are the major drawbacks that threaten efforts that are directed at the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. As such, there are significant efforts to improve the development of scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells and the establishment of industrial production lines. The main objective of this review is to outline the primary obstacles that hinder the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. Firstly, a brief discussion on the principles of perovskite solar cells is done. Secondly, challenges associated with the commercialization of perovskite solar cells and counterstrategies are discussed. The review concludes by looking at perspectives and prospects highlighting the importance of continued research and collaboration in overcoming challenges to commercialization. We hope that this review will provide useful insights for future research on improving the stability of cutting-edge perovskite devices as they approach commercialization. • Rising global electricity use and reliance on fossil fuels have resulted in energy crises, especially in South Africa. • Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology. • PSCs are gaining popularity due to their low cost and abundance of raw materials, creating business prospects. • Commercial manufacturing of PSCs is still in its early stages, requiring major efforts to scale fabrication. • The Manuscript identifies difficulties and attempts to enhance and stabilize PSC technology for commercial viability.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2025.01.019
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