Magnetohydrodynamic Flow and Transport Behaviors of Blood-Based Ternary Nanofluids in Stenosed Arteries with Axial Symmetry: Effects of Thermal Radiation and Caputo Fractional Derivatives

Abstract

The present study investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow characteristics of a blood-based ternary nanofluid (Au/Cu/Al2O3-blood) in stenosed arteries, with a focus on symmetry-inspired modeling rooted in the axial symmetry of arterial geometry and the symmetric distribution of external physical fields (magnetic field, thermal radiation). The findings offer significant insights into the realm of hyperthermia therapy and targeted drug delivery within the domain of biomedical engineering. A mathematical model is established under a cylindrical coordinate system (consistent with arterial axial symmetry), integrating key physical effects (thermal radiation, chemical reactions, viscous dissipation, body acceleration) and fractional-order dynamics via Caputo derivatives—while ensuring the symmetry of governing equations in time and space. The numerical solutions for velocity and temperature profiles are obtained using the Laplace transform and Concentrated Matrix-Exponential (CME) method, a technique that preserves symmetric properties during the solution process. The results of the study indicate the following: The Hartmann number, which is increased, has been shown to reduce axial velocity due to the Lorentz force, thereby maintaining radial symmetry. Furthermore, thermal radiation has been demonstrated to raise fluid temperature, a critical factor in heat-based therapies, with the temperature field evolving symmetrically. In addition, it has been observed that ternary nanoparticles outperform single and binary systems in heat and mass transfer via symmetric dispersion. This work contributes to the existing body of knowledge by integrating symmetry principles into the study of fractional dynamics, electromagnetic fields, and body acceleration modeling. It establishes a comprehensive biomedical flow framework. It is imperative that future research explore pulsatile flow under symmetric boundaries and validate the model through experimental means.