article · Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Overuse of antibiotics has accelerated the expansion of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, including pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans. Nanotechnology offers therapeutic options to counter these organisms, with metal oxide nanoparticles, particularly iron oxide, being examined for targeted drug delivery. Synthesising iron oxide nanoparticles using biological entities provides an inexpensive and environmentally friendly route, where biologically active substances reduce and stabilise the resulting particles. Surface engineering can further enhance the properties and compatibility of magnetic nanoparticles. Adding other metals to the particle surface increases biological and antimicrobial performance against pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, conjugating antifungal drugs directly to magnetic nanoparticles improves their antifungal and antibiofilm effectiveness while decreasing adverse side effects. These mechanisms underline the therapeutic value of surface-modified magnetic nanosystems.
Rising resistance to conventional antimicrobial drugs makes fungal infections increasingly difficult to treat. Deploying engineered magnetic nanoparticles offers a way to enhance the strength of existing antifungal medications and limit their toxic side effects. Understanding how to manufacture these systems sustainably and adapt their surface properties helps guide the development of next-generation therapies capable of overcoming resistant microorganisms.
The concepts described could support the development of advanced drug delivery systems and enhanced antifungal therapies by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Biological synthesis methods also suggest potential for cost-effective manufacturing. However, because the underlying evidence comes from a review of synthesis routes, surface modifications, and antimicrobial mechanisms, the work is at an early research stage rather than near commercial application.
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The overuse of antibiotics is the main reason for the expansion of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, especially, pathogenic fungi, such as Candida albicans and others. Nanotechnology provides an excellent therapeutic tool for pathogenic fungi. Several reports focused on metal oxide nanoparticles, especially, iron oxide nanoparticles due to their extensive applications such as targeted drug delivery. Using biological entities for iron oxide nanoparticle synthesis attracted many concerns for being eco-friendly, and inexpensive. The fusion of biologically active substances reduced and stabilized nanoparticles. Recently, the advancement and challenges for surface engineered magnetic nanoparticles are reviewed for improving their properties and compatibility. Other metals on the surface nanoparticles can enhance their biological and antimicrobial activities against pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, conjugation of antifungal drugs to magnetic nanoparticulate increases their antifungal effect, antibiofilm properties, and reduces their undesirable effects. In this review, we discuss different routes for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, surface coating manipulation, their applications as antimicrobials, and their mode of action.
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DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.063
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