<em>Cryptosporidium</em> and <em>Giardia</em> in Côte d’Ivoire: a review within a One Health concept

Abstract

Background: Cryptosporidium and Giardia are common intestinal protozoa that infect humans, as well as domestic and wild animals. They rank among the most prevalent waterborne parasites and are particularly widespread in developing countries. The advent of molecular diagnostic tools has played a major role in improving our understanding of the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. A thorough understanding of their molecular diversity, geographical distribution, and the environmental and climatic factors that influence their prevalence is essential for effective control in vulnerable populations. However, knowledge about their epidemiology in Africa remains limited. Both parasites negatively impact child growth and development, particularly when affected individuals suffer from aggravating factors, such as malnutrition and HIV. Aim: This review highlights research conducted in Côte d’Ivoire involving humans, animals, and the environment, and emphasizes the importance of the One Health framework. Methods: Relevant publications from March 1990 to December 2024 were sourced from PubMed and ResearchGate. Results: Out of the 26 studies identified, only 9 employed molecular tools and 17 used microscopy tools to detect G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. Findings confirmed the presence of the parasite in humans, livestock (including cattle, sheep, and camels), and environmental samples (water and soil). The prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis isolates varied by region and age group in both humans and animals. Conclusions: This study shows that Cryptosporidium and Giardia are widespread in humans and animals in Côte d’Ivoire, with both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission cycles.