review · Energy Strategy Reviews
Large-scale renewable energy integration helps meet growing electricity demand and reduce carbon emissions, but it introduces frequency instability into modern power grids. This instability arises from mismatches between traditional synchronous generators and inverter-based renewable generators, which possess minimal rotating mass and drastically reduce stored kinetic energy, resulting in low system inertia. This study systematically evaluates the effectiveness of low-inertia control methods, including conventional, adaptive, predictive, and virtual control techniques. The evaluation highlights existing gaps in the field and recommends the adoption of multi-objective optimisation control strategies to handle grid dynamism and perturbations effectively. In addition, an analysis of 1,267 documents published between 2013 and mid-2023 maps the literature landscape and classifies emerging research into six distinct thematic clusters.
As modern electricity grids transition toward clean energy, the loss of physical inertia from heavy turbine generators makes the power supply more vulnerable to blackouts and rapid frequency swings. Identifying effective control techniques helps power systems absorb shocks, ensuring steady electricity delivery even with high levels of intermittent, inverter-based renewable power.
As a systematic review and bibliometric analysis, this work represents early-stage analytical research rather than an applied or tested product. Its taxonomy and recommendations provide guidance for control engineers, grid operators, and software developers designing advanced multi-objective optimisation algorithms, which are needed to stabilise renewable-dominated electricity networks.
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The crux to meet the daily exponential growth in power demand and reduce the carbon footprint has seen to rejuvenate the consideration of large-scale renewable energy penetration (LsREP) in the power grid. Conversely, the emergence of the LsREP in the power grid is linked to frequency instability due to the mismatch between the conventional-based synchronous generator and inverter-based generator. Furthermore, the drastic drop in the kinetic energy storage due to the minimal rotating mass resulted in low inertia. This study presents a detailed work evaluating the effectiveness of different low-inertia power grid control techniques such as adaptive, predictive, virtual, and conventional controls. Furthermore, the study revealed gaps in this research area and thus, recommends multi-objective optimization control strategies to accommodate extant grid's dynamism for a better representation and control of low-inertia grid in the presence of perturbations. In addition, the bibliometric analysis was optimized through the VOSviewer-bibliographic software. The analyzed data were extracted from the Scopus database for the period of 2013 to mid-2023 covering 1267 related documents from conference papers, conference reviews, articles, and reviews on low-inertia grid control strategies. The results from the analysis revealed six (6) clusters of new research areas based on the co-occurrence keywords from the assessed papers.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2024.101337
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