review · ACS Applied Bio Materials
Cancer immunotherapy is increasingly explored to combat malignancies, especially those showing resistance to conventional radiation and chemotherapy. Cancer vaccines intervene in the cancer-immunity cycle by boosting the host immune system to recognise and destroy malignant cells, thereby serving both preventative and curative functions. Delivering these interventions effectively relies heavily on nanotechnology platforms. Lipid-based nanoparticles currently represent the most advanced delivery vehicles in the cancer vaccine landscape, while polymer-based nanoparticles and hybrid structures are also drawing substantial scientific interest. However, critical obstacles continue to hinder the clinical translation of these nanomedicines. Addressing these translational challenges alongside recent design advances is necessary to fully realise the therapeutic potential of nanotechnology-enabled cancer vaccines.
Traditional treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy often fail against resistant cancers. Cancer vaccines offer an alternative by training the immune system to target malignancies directly. Nanoparticle carriers, particularly those made from lipids and polymers, are essential tools for delivering these treatments safely and effectively, making the study of their translational hurdles vital for future oncology medicine.
These delivery platforms are aimed at pharmaceutical and biotechnology developers designing preventative and curative cancer vaccines. Lipid nanoparticles represent the most mature system described, but the technology as a whole remains at an intermediate stage of development, with clinical translation challenges currently standing between ongoing nanomedicine research and real-world therapeutic use.
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Cancer immunotherapy has gained popularity in recent years in the search for effective treatment modalities for various malignancies, particularly those that are resistant to conventional chemo- and radiation therapy. Cancer vaccines target the cancer-immunity cycle by boosting the patient's own immune system to recognize and kill cancer cells, thus serving as both preventative and curative therapeutic tools. Among the different types of cancer vaccines, those based on nanotechnology have shown great promise in advancing the field of cancer immunotherapy. Lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) have become the most advanced platforms for cancer vaccine delivery, but polymer-based NPs have also received considerable interest. This Review aims to provide an overview of the nanotechnology-enabled cancer vaccine landscape, focusing on recent advances in lipid- and polymer-based nanovaccines and their hybrid structures and discussing the challenges against the clinical translation of these important nanomedicines.
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DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00843
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