article · Royal Society Open Science
A novel polyketimine membrane has been synthesised by combining partially oxidised polyvinyl alcohol with aminated polyether sulfone at varying weight percentages. This membrane acts as a structural scaffold for fabricating laser-induced porous graphene electrodes designed for electrochemical drug sensing. Using paracetamol as a test model, these electrodes demonstrated strong performance, offering a linear detection range between 50 and 600 micromolar, a detection limit of 14.3 micromolar, and effective selectivity against uric acid. Further modifying the electrode surface with gold nanoparticles enhanced its electron transfer rate and active surface area, bringing the detection limit down to 1.1 micromolar. The resulting cost-effective electrodes provide a functional platform that can also be extended to analyse other pharmaceutical substances and identify heavy metal cations across varied environmental and diagnostic applications.
Monitoring pharmaceutical compounds accurately and affordably is critical for healthcare quality control and environmental tracking. By converting an engineered polymer membrane into sensitive graphene electrodes using lasers, this approach lowers the cost and complexity of electrochemical sensors. Such systems help ensure that pharmaceutical monitoring and pollutant detection can be achieved with high precision and low limits of detection.
This technology could enable cost-effective sensing tools for pharmaceutical quality control laboratories and environmental monitoring agencies tracking drug residues or heavy metals. The study represents early-stage research, successfully testing the electrodes in a laboratory setting on paracetamol and gold nanoparticle modifications. Moving towards practical use will require further testing on complex biological or environmental samples and integration into field-ready sensor devices.
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The development of cost-effective materials for fabricating electrodes is crucial for drug, pharmaceutical and environmental applications. This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of a novel polyketimine (PKI) membrane obtained by condensing partially of different weight percentages of oxidized polyvinyl alcohol and aminated polyether sulfone. Using the PKI membrane as a scaffold, we introduced laser-induced graphene electrodes (LIGEs) for the efficient electrochemical sensing of paracetamol (PCM), which serves as a model drug. Electrochemical measurements were conducted to assess the physico-chemical properties, including laser-induced porous graphene features, such as the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rate and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). The obtained results demonstrate that the LIGEs exhibit excellent performance in PCM sensing, showing a linear detection range of 50-600 µM with a detection limit (LOD) as low as 14.3 µM and a good selectivity toward uric acid. Furthermore, the functionalization of the electrode surface with AuNPs improved the electrode physico-chemical properties (HET and ECSA) and lowered the detection limit down to 1.1 µM. Consequently, these affordable electrodes hold great potential for analysing other drugs and detecting heavy metal cations in various applications.
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DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230294
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