article · Women s Health
A cross-sectional study in Kazakhstan evaluated mothers' knowledge and attitudes regarding human papillomavirus vaccination, given the absence of a national immunisation programme. Across 191 surveyed mothers, overall understanding of the vaccine was low. Women with negative or neutral views scored a median of zero out of twelve on knowledge, while those with positive views scored a median of three. Only 45 percent of all participants exhibited positive attitudes towards the vaccination, with similar rates observed regardless of whether they had daughters or sons. Maternal attitudes were significantly associated with place of residence, family income, the number of children in the household, and whether mothers refused vaccinations for themselves. The findings highlight that rolling out a national human papillomavirus immunisation schedule requires comprehensive public education campaigns aimed at parents and the broader population.
Human papillomavirus vaccines protect against cervical cancer, but successful uptake depends heavily on parental acceptance. Demonstrating that maternal knowledge is critically low highlights specific social and economic factors driving vaccine hesitancy. This evidence can help public health authorities design targeted educational campaigns prior to launching national immunisation programmes.
The abstract does not indicate a commercialisation pathway, as it focuses entirely on observational survey data to inform public health policy and educational initiatives.
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BACKGROUND: Although recommended for all member states of World Health Organization, there is no national human papillomavirus vaccination program in Kazakhstan. Furthermore, there are no studies in Kazakhstan that evaluate the mothers' perception of human papillomavirus vaccines. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward human papillomavirus vaccination among mothers in Kazakhstan and the factors associated with their attitudes. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was performed during the period of December 2021-February 2022. The STROBE guideline for cross-sectional studies was applied. METHODS: Paper-based structured questionnaires were filled out by 191 mothers, 141 of whom had daughters. The attitude score was assessed as per the Likert-type scale. The Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, with a significance value of < 0.05 were used to analyze the relationships between the characteristics of mothers and their attitude scores. RESULTS: The following factors were significantly associated with mothers' attitudes toward human papillomavirus vaccination: a place of residence, family income, number of children, and refusal of vaccination for themselves (p < 0.005). Of all participants, only 45% of all mothers, 41% of mothers with a female, and 46% of mothers with male children had positive attitudes toward human papillomavirus vaccination. The child's gender was not a significant determinant. Overall, the level of knowledge about human papillomavirus vaccination was found to be low. The median total score is 0 out of 12 for women who have negative and neutral attitudes toward human papillomavirus vaccines. Among women who have positive attitudes toward HPV vaccines, the median score is around 3 points. CONCLUSION: Before the implementation of the human papillomavirus vaccination program into the Kazakhstani national vaccination calendar, comprehensive and adequate information and education campaigns are required on the national level for parents and the population in general.
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DOI: 10.1177/17455057231172355
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