Investigating Visual-Motor Skills and Perception: A Comparative Study of Adults with Low Vision and Healthy Controls using the Test for Motor Visual Skills 3 (TVMS-3)

Abstract

Introduction Low vision (LV) reduces visual perception and motor coordination, limiting independence in tasks such as navigation and object handling. The Test of Visual-Motor Skills, Third Edition (TVMS-3), is a validated measure of visual-motor integration. This study evaluated visual perception and motor skills in adults with LV compared with healthy controls in the Caribbean. Methods A case-control study was conducted between January and March 2023 at a university-affiliated optometry clinic. Fifty-five participants were recruited: 25 with LV and 30 healthy controls, sourced from the clinic database and the Trinidad and Tobago Diabetes Association. Assessments included distance visual acuity (LogMAR), near visual acuity (MNRead), and the TVMS-3. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and independent-samples t-tests to explore the relationships between acuity and motor performance. Results Among the LV participants, the diagnoses included diabetic retinopathy (14.5%), cataract (10.9%), and glaucoma (10.9%). Reported difficulties were as follows recognizing faces (72%), spatial orientation (80%), and perceiving fast-moving objects (76–80%). On the TVMS-3, the most frequent errors were Error 5 (lines connected incorrectly) and Error 6 (size/part changed), both observed in 88% of the LV participants. Near visual acuity was significantly correlated with drawing accuracy (r = .670, p < .001). The LV group recorded significantly lower TVMS scores (35.48 ± 7.36) compared with thecontrols (67.47 ± 8.21), p < .001. Discussion Adults with LV demonstrated poorer visual-motor skills and greater perceptual challenges than those with normal vision. These deficits compromise daily activities requiring precision and spatial awareness. Implications for Practice TVMS-3 is a valuable tool for assessing visual-motor integration in adults with LV. The findings highlight the need for early detection and tailored rehabilitation strategies to support independence and improve quality of life.