Investigating Offensive Language Detection in a Low-Resource Setting with a Robustness Perspective

Abstract

Moroccan Darija, a dialect of Arabic, presents unique challenges for natural language processing due to its lack of standardized orthographies, frequent code switching, and status as a low-resource language. In this work, we focus on detecting offensive language in Darija, addressing these complexities. We present three key contributions that advance the field. First, we introduce a human-labeled dataset of Darija text collected from social media platforms. Second, we explore and fine-tune various language models on the created dataset. This investigation identifies a Darija RoBERTa-based model as the most effective approach, with an accuracy of 90% and F1 score of 85%. Third, we evaluate the best model beyond accuracy by assessing properties such as correctness, robustness and fairness using metamorphic testing and adversarial attacks. The results highlight potential vulnerabilities in the model’s robustness, with the model being susceptible to attacks such as inserting dots (29.4% success rate), inserting spaces (24.5%), and modifying characters in words (18.3%). Fairness assessments show that while the model is generally fair, it still exhibits bias in specific cases, with a 7% success rate for attacks targeting entities typically subject to discrimination. The key finding is that relying solely on offline metrics such as the F1 score and accuracy in evaluating machine learning systems is insufficient. For low-resource languages, the recommendation is to focus on identifying and addressing domain-specific biases and enhancing pre-trained monolingual language models with diverse and noisier data to improve their robustness and generalization capabilities in diverse linguistic scenarios.