review · Biomolecules
Long COVID involves enduring health complications following acute infection, driven in part by ongoing immune dysregulation, autoantibodies, and the formation of immune complexes. These autoimmune responses often interact with pre-existing conditions, contributing to disease severity and prolonged illness. Patients frequently experience notable neurological symptoms and cardiovascular complications, complicating diagnosis and ongoing clinical care. Addressing the disorder requires multidisciplinary management strategies, combining vaccination, customised rehabilitation programmes, and pharmacological treatments to ease patient burden. Diagnostic criteria remain evolving, making outcome prediction and psychosocial support difficult. Digital tools such as artificial intelligence offer potential pathways to improve disease understanding and streamline patient management. Overall, unravelling these biological interactions is vital for developing effective early detection methods and clinical interventions.
Millions of individuals continue to experience persistent health issues following infection, ranging from heart complications to neurological impairment. Understanding how underlying conditions and immune responses interact helps healthcare systems develop better diagnostic standards, target effective medical treatments, and provide appropriate rehabilitation to reduce the lasting burden on affected patients and public health resources.
Potential applications focus on early detection diagnostics based on autoantibodies or immune complexes, along with artificial intelligence software for patient management and outcome prediction. Intended users include clinical diagnostics providers, healthcare practitioners, and digital health developers. Because the work represents review-level synthesis outlining persistent challenges and emerging concepts, practical implementation remains at an early stage of development.
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Long COVID, a name often given to the persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, poses a multifaceted challenge for health. This review explores the intrinsic relationship between comorbidities and autoimmune responses in shaping the trajectory of long COVID. Autoantibodies have emerged as significant players in COVID-19 pathophysiology, with implications for disease severity and progression. Studies show immune dysregulation persisting months after infection, marked by activated innate immune cells and high cytokine levels. The presence of autoantibodies against various autoantigens suggests their potential as comorbid factors in long COVID. Additionally, the formation of immune complexes may lead to severe disease progression, highlighting the urgency for early detection and intervention. Furthermore, long COVID is highly linked to cardiovascular complications and neurological symptoms, posing challenges in diagnosis and management. Multidisciplinary approaches, including vaccination, tailored rehabilitation, and pharmacological interventions, are used for mitigating long COVID's burden. However, numerous challenges persist, from evolving diagnostic criteria to addressing the psychosocial impact and predicting disease outcomes. Leveraging AI-based applications holds promise in enhancing patient management and improving our understanding of long COVID. As research continues to unfold, unravelling the complexities of long COVID remains paramount for effective intervention and patient care.
This page summarises published work. The authoritative version sits with the publisher.
DOI: 10.3390/biom14070835
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