review · Sensors
Recent developments in biosensor technologies are advancing the capabilities of disease biomarker detection and therapeutic drug monitoring. Different classes of diagnostic tools, including enzymatic sensors, immunosensors, and DNA sensors, operate through distinct mechanisms to serve specific healthcare needs. Progress in the field is largely driven by three key innovations: the integration of nanotechnology, the design of wearable devices, and ongoing miniaturisation. Together, these technological developments offer significant opportunities to transform healthcare delivery. However, realising their full practical utility requires overcoming persistent technical hurdles. These include improving sensor sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, alongside addressing emerging challenges around data security. Addressing these issues through multidisciplinary strategies is critical for developing more dependable diagnostic systems and enhancing broader healthcare outcomes.
Accurate, rapid diagnostics and precise drug monitoring are essential for effective medical treatment. Modern biosensors, particularly miniaturised and wearable formats, have the potential to make health tracking more accessible and continuous. Overcoming technical limitations in reliability and data security ensures that these emerging diagnostic tools can safely provide clinicians and patients with dependable information for timely clinical decisions.
The underlying technologies target healthcare providers and diagnostic developers working on disease detection and therapeutic drug monitoring tools, including wearable formats. However, because this work is a broad review identifying persistent hurdles such as reproducibility, sensitivity, and data security, the technologies range from early development to intermediate testing rather than near-market deployment. Successful commercialisation will depend on addressing these technical and security obstacles through multidisciplinary development efforts.
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This comprehensive review delves into the forefront of biosensor technologies and their critical roles in disease biomarker detection and therapeutic drug monitoring. It provides an in-depth analysis of various biosensor types and applications, including enzymatic sensors, immunosensors, and DNA sensors, elucidating their mechanisms and specific healthcare applications. The review highlights recent innovations such as integrating nanotechnology, developing wearable devices, and trends in miniaturisation, showcasing their transformative potential in healthcare. In addition, it addresses significant sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and data security challenges, proposing strategic solutions to overcome these obstacles. It is envisaged that it will inform strategic decision-making, drive technological innovation, and enhance global healthcare outcomes by synthesising multidisciplinary insights.
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DOI: 10.3390/s24165143
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