Indigenous knowledge of traditional medicinal plants in Gondar City Administration, Amhara National Regional State, northwest Ethiopia

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Ethiopian people possess deep knowledge of how to use plant resources and are dependent on plant values mainly for traditional medicine. However, most ethnobotanical studies are restricted to rural areas, leaving urban centers poorly documented, which implies the need for further study. Thus, this study was conducted in Gondar City Administration, aimed at investigating medicinal plants to fill the traditional knowledge documentation gap. METHODS: The study was conducted from February 2024 to January 2025 in 12 kebeles selected purposively based on vegetation cover, availability of knowledgeable practitioners and representation of both urban and rural settings. Data were collected using interviews, focus group discussions, guided field walks, and market surveys with 120 randomly selected general informants and 60 purposively selected key informants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the basic ethnobotanical data. An independent sample t-test and two-way ANOVA were used to analyze socio-demographic effects of informants on their indigenous knowledge. Different ethnobotanical ranking and clustering methods, Rahman's similarity index (RSI) and Jaccard's coefficient of similarity were also used. RESULTS: A total of 109 medicinal plants distributed across 95 genera and 54 families were recorded to treat 76 ailment types. Asteraceae was the foremost family with 9 (8.26%) species. Shrub was the dominant habit (39.45%) and leaves were the most valuable plant parts used for 33.80% of remedy preparations. Remedies were prepared mainly from fresh forms (76.39%) by crushing (20.37%) and administered through the dermal route (41.20%). Significant knowledge variation on medicinal plants was observed between key and general informants (P = 0.000), rural and urban kebeles (P = 0.001), and between age groups (P = 0.013). Informant type (general vs. key informant) and age had a highly significant interaction effect on the medicinal plant knowledge (P = 0.000). About 14.68% of all recorded species were reported to treat hepatitis. From those, Clutia lanceolata was the most preferred. The highest informant consensus factor value (98%) was associated with respiratory conditions. The RSI ranged from 0.5 to 13.79%, and the JSI ranged from 3.5 to 36%. After a systematic search was performed across various reputable databases (Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar), unique ethnobotanical information on the therapeutic roles of 12 medicinal plant species that have not been reported previously was documented. CONCLUSION: This finding indicates that the rich diversity of medicinal plants in Gondar City, along with unique ethnomedicinal findings, is an indicator of alternative use of traditional medicine by urban inhabitants for their healthcare system. However, urban ethnobotany is a distinct field in which is expected to evolve knowledge systems influenced by migration. So, these knowledge systems could experience an accelerated loss due to urbanization-related factors unless prior documentation is made.