article · International Journal of Electrochemical Science
Novel imidazole derivatives, designated AM3 and AM6, serve as effective corrosion inhibitors for mild steel exposed to a 1.0 M hydrochloric acid environment. Electrochemical testing shows that the corrosion inhibition efficiency improves as the concentration of these compounds rises, but declines when the temperature increases. Thermodynamic evaluations confirm that the adsorption of the molecules onto the metal surface is predominantly chemical. Surface characterisation using electron microscopy and spectroscopy confirms that the compounds form a protective barrier on the steel, substantially diminishing acid attack. AM3 achieved a maximum protective efficiency of 95.2 per cent, while AM6 reached 93 per cent. Polarisation measurements confirm that these substances operate as mixed-type inhibitors, while molecular modelling and simulations demonstrate how both neutral and protonated forms adsorb to provide robust resistance against acidic corrosion.
Mild steel deteriorates rapidly in aggressive acidic settings, causing substantial structural and financial damage across industrial operations. Identifying efficient organic compounds that adsorb directly onto metal surfaces helps prevent this degradation. Understanding how these specific imidazole derivatives protect steel in hydrochloric acid solutions provides clear chemical guidance for developing targeted protective treatments that prolong the working life of industrial equipment exposed to acids.
This research could inform the development of chemical additives for industrial acid pickling, cleaning, and acid-handling processes that use mild steel equipment. The primary users would be industrial chemical formulators and facility maintenance teams managing acidic operations. Because the findings are based entirely on bench-scale laboratory electrochemistry and computer simulations, the technology remains at an early research stage and requires formulation testing and validation under realistic operating conditions before commercial use.
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The present study is concerned with the corrosion inhibition and adsorption behaviour of a series of novel imidazole derivatives. The compounds under investigation are 5,5-diphenyl-3-propyl-2-(propylthio)-3,5-dihydro-4 H-imidazol-4-one (AM3) and 3-allyl-2-(allylthio)-5,5-diphenyl-3,5-dihydro-4 H-imidazol-4-one (AM6). The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of 5,5-diphenyl-3,5-dihydro-4 H-imidazol-4-one (AM6) as a corrosion inhibitor on mild steel immersed in a 1.0 M hydrochloric acid medium. This comprehensive study assesses the efficacy of these derivatives through a range of electrochemical and spectroscopic analysis techniques. Additionally, polarisation curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and advanced computer simulations were employed to evaluate the efficacy and inhibition mechanism of imidazole derivatives, thereby facilitating a more profound understanding of their anticorrosive capacity. The results obtained from potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements demonstrate that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing imidazole derivative concentration. Conversely, an inverse relationship is observed between inhibition efficiency and temperature. The thermodynamic parameters ΔG°_ads and ΔH°_ads corroborate the conclusion that the adsorption process is predominantly chemical in nature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterise the surface morphology. The maximum protection afforded by imidazole derivatives was 95.2 % and 93 % for compounds AM3 and AM6, respectively. Polarisation curves indicated that imidazole derivatives exhibited mixed inhibition behaviour. Surface analysis demonstrated that imidazole derivatives were effectively adsorbed onto the carbon surface, thereby significantly reducing acid damage. This finding was corroborated by DFT calculations, as well as Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These simulations provided a comprehensive insight into the adsorption of imidazole and its protonated form onto the carbon surface, offering valuable insight into the corrosion inhibition mechanism.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2024.100768
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