article · Sensors
A compact planar microstrip patch antenna has been developed for mobile wireless sensor network devices requiring operation across three distinct frequency bands: 1.8, 3.5, and 5.4 GHz. Built on an economical, 1.6 millimetre thick FR-4 substrate, the design incorporates two F-shaped resonators alongside a truncated centre patch to achieve tri-band functionality. An equivalent circuit model containing three resistor-inductor-capacitor circuits was constructed to validate reflection performance against simulated designs. Physical testing demonstrated close agreement with simulated figures, yielding experimental peak realized gains of 2.22 dB at 1.8 GHz, 5.18 dB at 3.5 GHz, and 1.38 dB at 5.4 GHz. The device exhibits elliptical radiation patterns at lower bands and a broadside directional pattern at the highest band, confirming its operational suitability for digital communication systems, WiMAX, and wireless local area networks.
Wireless sensor networks in mobile devices require compact, multi-band antennas to support several communication standards without increasing device bulk or fabrication costs. By demonstrating functional performance across three key wireless frequencies using a widely available and inexpensive substrate, this design provides a practical approach to integrating multi-standard connectivity into small mobile sensors.
The antenna is targeted at mobile applications utilising digital communication systems, WiMAX, and wireless local area networks. Its use of standard FR-4 material offers cost-effective manufacturing for hardware developers and sensor producers. Having progressed through physical fabrication and laboratory testing with confirmed gain measurements, the antenna is at an applied and tested stage, though further packaging and system-level integration would be required for market adoption.
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Antennas in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by the enhanced capacity of the network, longer range of transmission, better spatial reuse, and lower interference. In this paper, we propose a planar patch antenna for mobile communication applications operating at 1.8, 3.5, and 5.4 GHz. A planar microstrip patch antenna (MPA) consists of two F-shaped resonators that enable operations at 1.8 and 3.5 GHz while operation at 5.4 GHz is achieved when the patch is truncated from the middle. The proposed planar patch is printed on a low-cost FR-4 substrate that is 1.6 mm in thickness. The equivalent circuit model is also designed to validate the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna with the S<sub>11</sub> obtained from the circuit model. It contains three RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuits for generating three frequency bands for the proposed antenna. Thereby, we obtained a good agreement between simulation and measurement results. The proposed antenna has an elliptically shaped radiation pattern at 1.8 and 3.5 GHz, while the broadside directional pattern is obtained at the 5.4 GHz frequency band. At 1.8, 3.5, and 5.4 GHz, the simulated peak realized gains of 2.34, 5.2, and 1.42 dB are obtained and compared to the experimental peak realized gains of 2.22, 5.18, and 1.38 dB at same frequencies. The results indicate that the proposed planar patch antenna can be utilized for mobile applications such as digital communication systems (DCS), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area networks (WLAN).
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DOI: 10.3390/s22020667
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