article · Journal of Inflammation Research
Toll-like receptors are essential components in triggering innate and adaptive immune responses. This study evaluated the relationship between specific genetic variations in TLR2 and TLR9 and the risk, severity, and thrombotic complications of COVID-19. A cohort of one hundred adult COVID-19 patients was compared with one hundred age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Participants underwent genotyping for the TLR2 rs5743708 and TLR9 rs5743836 variants, while citrullinated histone H3 was measured to assess neutrophil extracellular traps associated with thrombosis. The findings showed that specific mutant genotypes and alleles across both genes significantly increased susceptibility to COVID-19 and served as significant risk factors for severe disease. However, neither genetic variant showed an association with citrullinated histone H3 levels or thrombus formation.
Understanding why certain individuals develop severe viral illness while others experience mild symptoms remains a central challenge in managing infectious diseases. Identifying genetic variations that increase vulnerability to severe COVID-19 helps clinicians and researchers recognise patient groups at greater risk. This insight supports better stratification of patients and informs the biological understanding of how innate immune system pathways influence inflammatory disease outcomes.
This work is early-stage clinical research that could inform the design of genetic screening panels or prognostic diagnostic kits. Diagnostic laboratories and clinical research organisations could potentially use these genetic markers to stratify patient risk for severe disease, though development into a commercial diagnostic tool would require substantial validation in larger, diverse cohorts.
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Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Aim: We aimed to detect the association between TLR2 rs5743708 G>A and TLR9 rs5743836 C>T variants and COVID-19 disease susceptibility, severity, and thrombosis by using neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Subjects and Methods: We included 100 adult COVID-19 patients as well as 100 age- and gender-matched normal controls. Participants were genotyped for TLR2 rs5743708 and TLR9 rs5743836. Citrullinated Histone (H3) was detected as an indicator of NETs. Results: The mutant (G/A and C/C) genotypes and (A and C) alleles of TLR2 rs5743708 and TLR9 rs5743836, respectively, have been significantly related to a higher risk of COVID-19 infection, representing a significant risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. There was no significant association between the two variants and citrullinated histone (H3). Conclusion: TLR2 rs5743708 and TLR9 rs5743836 variants have been significantly related to a higher risk and severity of COVID-19 infection but had no effect on thrombus formation.
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DOI: 10.2147/jir.s394927
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